Welch Project

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The '''Welch Project''' is currently a companion page to Holmes [[Welch]]'s ''The Buddhist Revival in China''. It will be developed over the coming years.
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The '''Welch Project''' is currently a companion page to Holmes [[Welch]]'s ''The Buddhist Revival in China''. Below is a list of the chapter and section headings of that work. One of the first steps of this project is to list the articles in the DMCB that cover the material discussed on the pages listed.
 +
 
 +
It is our goal that this project will eventually expand upon Welch's work in order to further our understanding of Chinese Buddhism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as to honor the tremendous work Welch did in broadening that understanding himself.
'''THE BUDDHIST REVIVAL IN CHINA'''
'''THE BUDDHIST REVIVAL IN CHINA'''
Line 6: Line 8:
===Yang Wen-hui===
===Yang Wen-hui===
-
* [[Yang Wenhui 楊文會]]
+
*page 2.
 +
**Yáng Wénhuì [[楊文會]]
 +
*page 4.
 +
**Jīnlíng Scriptural Press [[金陵刻經處]])
 +
**Nanjō Bunyū [[南條文雄]]
 +
**[[Timothy Richard 李提摩太]]
 +
*page 6.
 +
**Joseph Edkins [[艾約瑟]]
 +
*page 9.
 +
**Jetavana Hermitage [[祇洹精舍]]
 +
**Dìxián [[諦閑]]
 +
*page 10.
 +
**Jiāngběi Scriptural Press [[江北刻經處]]
 +
**Yìnguāng [[印光]]
===Modern Education for Monks===
===Modern Education for Monks===
 +
*pages 10-11.
 +
**Kāng Yǒuwéi [[康有為]]
 +
**Build Education with Temple Property (Miàochǎn xīngxué [[廟產興學]])
 +
*pages 12-13.
 +
**Jìchán [[寄禪]] ("Eight Fingers")
 +
**Universal Saṇgha Study Hall (Pǔtōng sēng xuétáng [[普通僧學堂]]); Welch refers to this as the "Seng-li P'u-t'ung Chng-hsüeh"
 +
**Jiāngsū Saṇgha Normal Study Hall (Jiāngsū sēng shīfàn xuétáng 江蘇僧師範學堂]])
 +
**Dìxián [[諦閑]]
 +
**Yuèxiá [[月霞]]
 +
**Yuányīng [[圓瑛]]
 +
**Tàixū [[太虛]]
 +
**Zhìguāng [[治光]]
===Revolutionary Monks===
===Revolutionary Monks===
 +
*page 15.
 +
**Tàixū [[太虛]]
 +
**Huáshān [[華山]]
 +
**Kāng Yǒuwéi [[康有為]]
 +
**Tán Sìtóng [[譚嗣同]]
 +
*page 16.
 +
**Zōngyǎng [[宗仰]]
 +
**Jīnshān [[金山]]
 +
**Mrs. Silas Hardoon (Ch. name: Luó Jiālíng [[羅迦陵]])
 +
*pages 17-18.
 +
**Canon reprint: Kalaviṇka Hermitage Canon [[頻伽精舍校刊大藏經]]
 +
**Sū Mànshū [[蘇曼殊]]
 +
*page 19.
 +
**Tán Sìtóng [[譚嗣同]]
 +
**Zhāng Tàiyán [[章太炎]]
==Chapter 2. The Struggle For National Leadership==
==Chapter 2. The Struggle For National Leadership==
 +
*page 26.
 +
**Chinese Buddhist Association (Zhōngguó Fójiào huì [[中國佛教會]])
 +
*page 27.
 +
**Karl Ludvig Reichelt (Ài Xiāngdé [[艾香德]]
===The Invasion of Chin Shan===
===The Invasion of Chin Shan===
-
* [[Danao Jinshan 大鬧金山]]
+
[[Danao Jinshan 大鬧金山]]
 +
*page 29.
 +
**Jìchán [[寄禪]] ("Eight Fingers")
 +
**Tàixū [[太虛]]
 +
**Tiāntóng Temple [[天童寺]]
 +
**Jīnshān [[金山]]
 +
**Rénshān [[仁山]]
 +
**Zhènjiāng [[鎮江]]
 +
*page 30.
 +
**Jiāngtiān Temple [[江天寺]]
===Rival Buddhist Associations===
===Rival Buddhist Associations===
 +
*page 33.
 +
**Ōuyáng Jiàn [[歐陽漸]]
 +
**Yáng Wénhuì [[楊文會]]
 +
**Jinling Scriptural Press [[金陵刻經處]]
 +
**Jetavana Monastery [[祇洹精舍]]
 +
**Chinese Buddhist Association (Zhōngguó Fójiào huì [[中國佛教會]])
 +
*page 34.
 +
**Xūyún [[虛雲]]
 +
**Jìchán [[寄禪]] ("Eight Fingers")
 +
*page 35.
 +
**Chinese General Buddhist Association (Zhōnghuá Fójiào zǒnghuì [[中華佛教總會]])
 +
*page 39.
 +
**Dìxián [[諦閑]]
===The Chinese Buddhist Association (Shanghai, 1929)===
===The Chinese Buddhist Association (Shanghai, 1929)===
-
* Chinese Buddhist Association [[中國佛教會]]
+
Chinese Buddhist Association [[中國佛教會]]
 +
*page 40.
 +
**Yuányīng [[圓瑛]]
 +
*page 43.
 +
**Rénshān [[仁山]]
 +
**Wáng Yītíng [[王一亭]]
 +
*page 44.
 +
**''Hǎicháo yīn'' [[海潮音]]
==Chapter 3. T'ai-hsü==
==Chapter 3. T'ai-hsü==
-
* [[Taixu 太虛]]
+
Tàixū [[太虛]]
 +
*page 51.
 +
**The Invasion of Jīnshān [[大鬧金山]]
 +
*page 52.
 +
**Mount Pǔtuó [[普陀山]]
 +
*page 54.
 +
**The Awakening Society (Jué shè [[覺社]]; Welch calls this "the Bodhi Society")
 +
**Wáng Yītíng [[王一亭]]
 +
**Zhāng Tàiyán [[章太炎]] (Chang Ping-ling)
 +
**''Juéshè cóngshū'' [[覺社叢書]]
 +
**''Hǎicháo yīn'' [[海潮音]]
===World Organizations===
===World Organizations===
-
* [[Dongya fojiao dahui 東亞佛教大會]]
+
*page 55.
-
* [[Shijie fojiao lianhe hui 世界佛教聯合會]]
+
**World Buddhist Federation (Shìjiè Fójiào liánhé huì [[世界佛教聯合會]])
 +
**Karl Ludvig Reichelt (Ài Xiāngdé [[艾香德]]
 +
*page 56.
 +
**East Asian Buddhist Conference (Dōngyā fójiào dàhuì [[東亞佛教大會]])
 +
*page. 62
 +
**"Library of the World Buddhist Institute" at the World Buddhist Studies Center (Shìjiè Fóxué yuàn [[世界佛學苑]])
 +
*page 63.
 +
**Fǎfǎng [[法舫]]
===Domestic Organizations===
===Domestic Organizations===
===T'ai-hsü and Science===
===T'ai-hsü and Science===
 +
*page 65.
 +
**Yáng Wénhuì [[楊文會]]
===T'ai-hsü's Methods===
===T'ai-hsü's Methods===
 +
*page 68.
 +
**Karl Ludvig Reichelt (Ài Xiāngdé [[艾香德]]
 +
**Wǔchāng Buddhist Seminary (Wǔchāng Fóxué yuàn [[武昌佛學院]])
 +
*page 71.
 +
**Xūyún [[虛雲]]
 +
**Yìnguāng [[印光]]
 +
**Dìxián [[諦閑]]
 +
**Hóngyī [[弘一]]
 +
**Láiguǒ [[來果]]
 +
**Tánxū [[倓虛]]
==Chapter 4. The Lay Buddhist Movement==
==Chapter 4. The Lay Buddhist Movement==
 +
*page 74.
 +
**Qū Yìngguāng [[屈映光]]
===Types of Lay Societies===
===Types of Lay Societies===
 +
*page 76.
 +
**''Pure Karma Monthly'' [[淨業月刊]]
 +
**Buddhist Radio [[XMHB]]
===The Right Faith Society===
===The Right Faith Society===
-
* [[Zhengxin hui 正信會]]
+
*page 77.
 +
**[[Zhengxin hui 正信會]]
 +
**Wáng Sēnfǔ [[王森甫]]
 +
*page 78.
 +
**Tàixū [[太虛]]
 +
**Wǔchāng Buddhist Seminary [[武昌佛學院]]
 +
*page 80.
 +
**''Zhèngxìn zhōukān'' [[正信週刊]]
===The Growing Role of the Laity===
===The Growing Role of the Laity===
 +
*page 82.
 +
**Chinese Buddhist Association [[中國佛教會]]
 +
**Jīnshān [[金山]]
 +
**Xūyún [[虛雲]]
 +
**Yìnguāng [[印光]]
 +
**Língyán Temple [[靈岩寺]]
 +
*page 83.
 +
**Gāomín Temple [[高旻寺]]
 +
*page 84.
 +
**Tàixū [[太虛]]
 +
**Tánxū [[倓虛]]
 +
**Cízhōu [[慈舟]]
 +
*page 85.
 +
** [[Hankou nü jushi lin 漢口女居士林]]
==Chapter 5. Building and Publishing==
==Chapter 5. Building and Publishing==
===Restoration===
===Restoration===
 +
*page 90.
 +
**Xūyún [[虛雲]]
 +
*page 96.
 +
**Qixia si [[棲霞寺]]
 +
**Zōngyǎng [[宗仰]]
 +
**Língyán Temple [[靈岩寺]]
===New Monasteries===
===New Monasteries===
 +
*page 96.
 +
**Tánxū [[倓虛]]
 +
*page 97.
 +
**Dìxián [[諦閑]]
 +
**Jīnshān [[金山]]
===Publishing===
===Publishing===
-
* [[Bibliography Publishing Portal]]
+
[[Bibliography Publishing Portal]]
 +
*page 99.
 +
**Jīnlíng Scriptural Press [[金陵刻經處]])
 +
*page 100.
 +
**''Fóxué cóngbào'' [[佛學叢報]]
 +
**''Fójiào yuèkān'' [[佛教月刊]]
 +
*** Should this be Fójiào yuèbào [[佛教月報]]?
 +
**''Fóguāng'' [[佛光]]
 +
**''Juéshè cóngshū'' [[覺社叢書]] (''Chüeh-shu'')
 +
**''Hǎicháo yīn'' [[海潮音]]
 +
**''Xiàndài sēngqié'' [[現代僧伽]]
 +
**The Right Faith Society [[Zhengxin hui 正信會]]
 +
*page 102.
 +
**Tāng Yòngtóng [[湯用彤]]
 +
**Zhōu Shūjiā [[周叔迦]]
 +
**Zōngyǎng [[宗仰]]
 +
**Hóngyī [[弘一]]
 +
**Wáng Yītíng [[王一亭]]
==Chapter 6. Buddhist Education==
==Chapter 6. Buddhist Education==
===Traditional Education===
===Traditional Education===
 +
*page 103.
 +
**Bǎohuá Shān [[寶華山]]
===Seminaries: Kuan-tsung===
===Seminaries: Kuan-tsung===
-
* [[Guanzong yanjiu she 觀宗研究社]]
+
*page 107.
 +
**Wǔchāng Buddhist Seminary [[武昌佛學院]]
 +
**Buddhist Seminaries [[佛學院]]
 +
**Dìxián [[諦閑]]
 +
*page 108.
 +
**Guānzōng Temple [[觀宗寺]]
 +
**[[Guanzong yanjiu she 觀宗研究社]]
 +
*page 110.
 +
**Mínnán Buddhist Seminary [[閩南佛學院]] (South Fukien Seminary)
===T'ai-hsü's Seminaries===
===T'ai-hsü's Seminaries===
-
* [[Foxue yuan 佛學院]]
+
*page 110.
 +
**Chángxǐng [[常惺]]
 +
*page 111.
 +
**"...seminaries in Kiangsu and Anhwei": Dharmadhatu Seminary [[法界學院]] and Ānhuī Monastic School [[安徽僧學校]]
 +
**Wǔchāng Buddhist Seminary [[武昌佛學院]]
 +
**The Right Faith Society [[Zhengxin hui 正信會]]
 +
**Dìxián [[諦閑]]
===The T'ien-ning Seminary===
===The T'ien-ning Seminary===
 +
*page 114.
 +
**Tiānníng Temple [[天寧寺]]
 +
*page 115.
 +
**Tiānníng xuéjiè táng [[天寧學戒堂]]
===The Level of Education===
===The Level of Education===
 +
*116.
 +
**Sino-Tibetan Institute [[漢藏教理院]]
===The Metaphysical Institute===
===The Metaphysical Institute===
-
* [[Zhina neixue yuan 支那內學院]]
+
*page 117.
 +
**[[Zhina neixue yuan 支那內學院]]
 +
**Ōuyáng Jiàn [[歐陽漸]]
 +
**Yáng Wénhuì [[楊文會]]
 +
*page 118.
 +
**Méi Guāngxī [[梅光羲]]
 +
**''Inner Studies'' [[內學]] (''Nei-hsüeh'')
 +
*page 119.
 +
**Lǚ Chéng [[呂澂]]
 +
**Dìxián [[諦閑]]
 +
**Yìnguāng [[印光]]
==Chapter 7. Social Action by the Sangha==
==Chapter 7. Social Action by the Sangha==
 +
*page 123.
 +
**Xūyún [[虛雲]]
 +
**Jīnshān [[金山]]
===The Lung-ch'üan Orphanage===
===The Lung-ch'üan Orphanage===
 +
*page 123.
 +
**Lóngquán Temple [[龍泉寺]]
 +
*page 126.
 +
**Nán pǔtuó Temple [[南普陀寺]]
===Other Welfare Activities===
===Other Welfare Activities===
 +
*page 126.
 +
**Tiānníng Temple [[天寧寺]]
 +
*page 127.
 +
**Chinese Buddhist Association [[中國佛教會]]
 +
*page 128.
 +
**Yuányīng [[圓瑛]]
 +
**Xūyún [[虛雲]]
 +
**Qīxiá Temple [[棲霞寺]]
 +
*page 129.
 +
**Tàixū [[太虛]]
===The Sangha's Approach to Social Welfare===
===The Sangha's Approach to Social Welfare===
 +
 +
==Pictoral Inset: "A Buddhist Festival," photographed by Henri Cartier-Bresson==
 +
Pictures taken by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson Henri Cartier-Bresson] in Hángzhōu [[杭州]] in March [[1949]] primarily in and around Língyǐn Temple [[靈隱寺]].
==Chapter 8. Sangha and State==
==Chapter 8. Sangha and State==
 +
*page 133.
 +
**Mount Pǔtuó [[普陀山]]
 +
*page 134.
 +
**Bǎohuá Shān [[寶華山]]
 +
**Qīxiá Temple [[棲霞寺]]
===Republican Laws and Their Enforcement===
===Republican Laws and Their Enforcement===
 +
*page 141.
 +
**Chinese Buddhist Association [[中國佛教會]]
===The Law Versus the Enemies of Buddhism===
===The Law Versus the Enemies of Buddhism===
===Friends in High Places===
===Friends in High Places===
 +
*page 153.
 +
**Wǔchāng Buddhist Seminary [[武昌佛學院]]
 +
**Qīxiá Temple [[棲霞寺]]
 +
*page 154.
 +
**Jīnshān [[金山]]
 +
**Xūyún [[虛雲]]
===Monks in Politics===
===Monks in Politics===
 +
*page 156.
 +
**Zōngyǎng [[宗仰]]
 +
*page 158.
 +
**Yuányīng [[圓瑛]]
 +
**Tàixū [[太虛]]
 +
**Chinese Buddhist Association [[中國佛教會]]
 +
**Língyǐn sì [[靈隱寺]]
==Chapter 9. Foreign Contacts==
==Chapter 9. Foreign Contacts==
===Contacts with Japan===
===Contacts with Japan===
 +
*page 162.
 +
**Ogurisu Kocho [[小栗栖香頂]]
 +
**Lóngquán Temple [[龍泉寺]]
 +
**Yǒnghé Temple [[雍和宮]]
 +
**Mount Wǔtái [[五台山]]
 +
*page 164.
 +
**Mizuno Baigyo [[水野梅曉]]
 +
*page 166.
 +
**Tàixū [[太虛]]
 +
**World Buddhist Federation [[世界佛教聯合會]]
 +
**Lú Mountain [[廬山]]
 +
**East Asian Buddhist Conference [[東亞佛教大會]]
 +
**Sānshí xuéhuì [[三時學會]]
 +
*page 167.
 +
**Tokiwa Daijō [[常盤大定]]
 +
**Yuányīng [[圓瑛]]
 +
**Chinese Buddhist Association [[中國佛教會]]
 +
*page 171.
 +
**Jīnshān [[金山]]
===Contacts with Tibet===
===Contacts with Tibet===
 +
* page 173.
 +
** Dalai Lama [[達賴]]
 +
** Mount Éméi [[峨眉山]]
 +
** Mount Wǔtái [[五台山]]
 +
* page 174.
 +
** Zhāngjiā [[章嘉]]
 +
** Yǒnghé Temple [[雍和宮]]
 +
* page 175.
 +
** Wáng Hóngyuàn [[王弘願]]
 +
** Guì Bóhuá [[桂伯華]]
 +
** Ōuyáng Jìngwú [[歐陽竟無]]
 +
** Dàyǒng [[大勇]]
 +
** Panchen Lama [[班禪]]
 +
** Nuònà [[諾那]]
 +
** Nuònà Students' Society [[諾那同學會]]
 +
* page 176.
 +
** Nánjīng [[南京]]
 +
* page 177.
 +
** Tàixū [[太虛]]
 +
** Nénghǎi [[能海]]
 +
** Chāoyī [[超一]]
 +
** Fǎzūn [[法尊]]
 +
** Sino-Tibetan Institute [[漢藏教理院]]
 +
** Chóngqìng [[重慶]]
 +
* page 178.
 +
** Xīkāng [[西康]]
 +
** Lǚ Chéng [[呂澂]]
 +
** Metaphysical Institute [[支那內學院]]
 +
* page 179.
 +
** Rénwáng hùguó jīng (''Scripture for Humane Kings who Wish to Protect their States'') [[仁王護國經]]
 +
** Bodhi Society [[覺社]]
===Contacts with Theravada Buddhists===
===Contacts with Theravada Buddhists===
 +
*page 180.
 +
**Tàixū [[太虛]]
 +
**Yáng Wénhuì [[楊文會]]
 +
*page 181.
 +
**Buddhist Radio [[XMHB]]
 +
**Fǎfǎng [[法舫]]
 +
*page 182.
 +
**Língyán Temple [[靈岩寺]]
===Contacts with Christians===
===Contacts with Christians===
 +
*page 185.
 +
**[[Timothy Richard 李提摩太]]
 +
*page 186.
 +
**[[Karl Ludvig Reichelt 艾香德]]
===Christian Converts to Buddhism===
===Christian Converts to Buddhism===
 +
*page 188.
 +
**Bǎohuá Mountain [[寶華山]]
 +
**Zhàokōng [[照空]]
 +
**Qīxiá Temple [[棲霞寺]]
 +
**Jīnshān [[金山]]
===Contacts with Chinese Overseas===
===Contacts with Chinese Overseas===
 +
*page 191.
 +
**Xūyún [[虛雲]]
 +
*page 193.
 +
**Wǔtái Mountain [[五台山]]
 +
**Dài Jìtáo [[戴季陶]]
==Chapter 10. Sects and Dissention==
==Chapter 10. Sects and Dissention==
 +
*page 195.
 +
**Língyán Temple [[靈岩寺]]
 +
**Yìnguāng [[印光]]
 +
**Dìxián [[諦閒]]
 +
**Tánxū [[倓虛]]
 +
**Yáng Wénhuì [[楊文會]]
 +
**Ōuyáng Jiàn [[歐陽漸]]
 +
*page 196.
 +
**"China Metaphysical Institute" [[Zhina neixue yuan 支那內學院]]
 +
**Hán Qīngjìng [[韓清淨]]
 +
**Sānshí xuéhuì [[三時學會]]
 +
**Xióng Shílì [[熊十力]]
 +
**Yuèxiá [[月霞]]
 +
**Yīgcí [[應慈]]
 +
**Cízhōu [[慈舟]]
 +
**Huáyán University [[華嚴大學]]
 +
**Xūyún [[虛雲]]
 +
**Bǎohuá Mountain [[寶華山]]
 +
**Hóngyī [[弘一]]
 +
**Jīnshān [[金山]]
 +
**Gāomín Temple [[高旻寺]]
 +
**Láiguǒ [[來果]]
===The Esoteric School===
===The Esoteric School===
-
* [[Mijiao 密教]]
+
*page 196.
 +
**[[Mijiao 密教]]
===The Antisectarian Trend===
===The Antisectarian Trend===
Line 135: Line 460:
===2. Buddhist Seminaries===
===2. Buddhist Seminaries===
-
* [[Buddhist Seminaries 佛學院]]
+
* Buddhist Seminaries [[佛學院]]
===3. Monastic Population Figures===
===3. Monastic Population Figures===
===4. Regional Decay===
===4. Regional Decay===

Current revision as of 09:43, 2 March 2011

The Welch Project is currently a companion page to Holmes Welch's The Buddhist Revival in China. Below is a list of the chapter and section headings of that work. One of the first steps of this project is to list the articles in the DMCB that cover the material discussed on the pages listed.

It is our goal that this project will eventually expand upon Welch's work in order to further our understanding of Chinese Buddhism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as to honor the tremendous work Welch did in broadening that understanding himself.

THE BUDDHIST REVIVAL IN CHINA

Contents

Chapter 1. The Beginning's of the Revival

Yang Wen-hui

Modern Education for Monks

  • pages 10-11.
  • pages 12-13.
    • Jìchán 寄禪 ("Eight Fingers")
    • Universal Saṇgha Study Hall (Pǔtōng sēng xuétáng 普通僧學堂); Welch refers to this as the "Seng-li P'u-t'ung Chng-hsüeh"
    • Jiāngsū Saṇgha Normal Study Hall (Jiāngsū sēng shīfàn xuétáng 江蘇僧師範學堂]])
    • Dìxián 諦閑
    • Yuèxiá 月霞
    • Yuányīng 圓瑛
    • Tàixū 太虛
    • Zhìguāng 治光

Revolutionary Monks

Chapter 2. The Struggle For National Leadership

  • page 26.
  • page 27.
    • Karl Ludvig Reichelt (Ài Xiāngdé 艾香德

The Invasion of Chin Shan

Danao Jinshan 大鬧金山

Rival Buddhist Associations

The Chinese Buddhist Association (Shanghai, 1929)

Chinese Buddhist Association 中國佛教會

Chapter 3. T'ai-hsü

Tàixū 太虛

World Organizations

  • page 55.
  • page 56.
  • page. 62
    • "Library of the World Buddhist Institute" at the World Buddhist Studies Center (Shìjiè Fóxué yuàn 世界佛學苑)
  • page 63.

Domestic Organizations

T'ai-hsü and Science

T'ai-hsü's Methods

Chapter 4. The Lay Buddhist Movement

Types of Lay Societies

The Right Faith Society

The Growing Role of the Laity

Chapter 5. Building and Publishing

Restoration

New Monasteries

Publishing

Bibliography Publishing Portal

Chapter 6. Buddhist Education

Traditional Education

Seminaries: Kuan-tsung

T'ai-hsü's Seminaries

The T'ien-ning Seminary

The Level of Education

The Metaphysical Institute

Chapter 7. Social Action by the Sangha

The Lung-ch'üan Orphanage

Other Welfare Activities

The Sangha's Approach to Social Welfare

Pictoral Inset: "A Buddhist Festival," photographed by Henri Cartier-Bresson

Pictures taken by Henri Cartier-Bresson in Hángzhōu 杭州 in March 1949 primarily in and around Língyǐn Temple 靈隱寺.

Chapter 8. Sangha and State

Republican Laws and Their Enforcement

The Law Versus the Enemies of Buddhism

Friends in High Places

Monks in Politics

Chapter 9. Foreign Contacts

Contacts with Japan

Contacts with Tibet

Contacts with Theravada Buddhists

Contacts with Christians

Christian Converts to Buddhism

Contacts with Chinese Overseas

Chapter 10. Sects and Dissention

The Esoteric School

The Antisectarian Trend

Regional Loyalties

Divisive Issues

Chapter 11. Christian Stereotypes and Buddhist Realities

Buddhist Realities

The Growth in Understanding

Distorting Factors

Regional Differences

Chapter 12. The Meaning of the Revival

Was it a Revival?

Postscript

Appendices:

1. Buddhist Periodicals

2. Buddhist Seminaries

3. Monastic Population Figures

4. Regional Decay

Retrieved from "http://dmcb.dila.edu.tw/dmcb/Welch_Project"
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