Zhifeng 芝峰

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{{Bio_infobox
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|name-date=Zhīfēng 芝峰 (b.1901)
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|names=* Lay name 俗姓名: Shí Wūkē 石嗚珂
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* Style name 字: Xiàngxián 象賢
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|image=[[File:Su_Huichun_and_Zhifeng.png|250px|thumb|center|Zhīfēng 芝峯 (right), with Sū Huìchún 蘇慧純]]
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|birth=[[1901]] (Guāngxù 光緒 27) in Wēnzhōu 溫州, Zhèjiāng [[浙江]]
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|death=19??
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|associates=Notable Associates:
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* Dàxǐng [[大醒]]
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* Dìxián [[諦閒]]
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* Fǎfǎng [[法舫]]
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* Mǎnzhì [[滿智]]
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* Shì Dōngchū[[釋東初]]
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* Yú Déyuán [[虞德元]]
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* Tàixū [[太虛]]
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|editor-name=Erik Hammerstrom
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}}
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== '''Zhīfēng 芝峰 (also written 芝峯) (1901-1949)''' ==
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'''Zhīfēng 芝峰 (also written 芝峯) (b.1901)''' was a monk and educator during the Republican period. He was closely allied with Tàixū until they had a falling out over Zhīfēng's decision to include certain materials by a Republican era lay esoteric Buddhist master in the ''Hǎicháo yīn'' 海潮音 while he was editor.
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== Biography ==
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Zhīfēng's family was fairly poor and when he was young he could only attend a few years at traditional schooling.  In [[1914]] he was tonsured at a temple in his hometown.  Around [[1917]] he went to Guānzōng Temple [[觀宗寺]] in Níngbō [[寧波]] where they were holding a precepts ceremony on the occasion of the 60th birthday of the abbot, Dìxián [[諦閒]].  In [[1918]], some laypeople from Beijing gave Dìxián money to found the Guānzōng Study Society [[觀宗學社]], where Zhīfēng and several others were the student-monks.
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'''Biography'''
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In [[1920]], Zhīfēng returned to his hometown and served in several different roles at Xìngtuó Temple [[興陀寺]].  In [[1923]] he matriculated at a study session at Hankou Buddhist Studies Institute [[漢口佛學講習所]], and that summer he participated in the first World Buddhist Congress [[世界佛教聯合會]] at Lúshān 廬山. In September he became a student at the second session of the Wuchang Buddhist Seminary [[武昌佛學院]], where he graduated in June [[1924]]. In the fall of 1924 he went home to his first temple and, while studying Tiāntái [[天台]] and Consciousness-Only [[唯識]] though, he taught people in his hometown, becoming one of the first monks to try to raise the educational quality of people in his locality.
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From Zhejiang, his family was somewhat poor and he could only attend a few years at traditional schooling.  In 1914 he was tonsured in his town.  Around 1917 he went to 諦閒’s 觀宗 Temple in Ningbo where they were holding a precepts ceremony on the occasion of his 60th birthday.  In 1918, some Beijing laypeople gave Dixian money to found the Guanzong xueshe, where Zhifeng and several others were the student-monks.
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In [[1925]], he was asked by Tàixū [[太虛]] to join Dàxǐng [[大醒]] in helping Mǎnzhì [[滿智]] at the Minnan Buddhist Seminary [[閩南佛學院]], which he did, teaching a variety of subjects, with an emphasis on Consciousness-Only.  There, Zhīfēng also helped Dàxǐng set up the semi-monthly magazine ''Xiàndài sēngqié'' [[現代僧伽]] (''Modern Sangha''), which became ''Xiàndài fójiào'' 現代佛教 (''Modern Buddhism'') in [[1932]].
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In 1920 he returned to his native 溫州 and served in several different roles at the 興陀 Temple.  In 1923 he matriculated at a study session at 漢口 FXY then in September became a student at the second session of the Wuchang FXY, where he graduated in June 1924.
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When Yú Déyuán [[虞德元]] returned to Xiàmén [[廈門]] in [[1930]] to study at Xiamen University, he and Zhīfēng became acquainted and arranged to have professors invited from the University to come to the Seminary, and Zhīfēng was invited to give a lecture on the ''Chéng wéishì lùn'' 成唯識論 at the University.
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In the Summer of 1923 he participated in the First World Buddhist Congress.
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In the fall of 1924 he went home to his first temple and while studying Tiantai and Consciousness-Only he taught people in his locality, becoming one of the first monks to try to raise the educational quality at in his locality.
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In 1925 he was asked by TX to join Daxing in helping Manzhi at the Minnan FXY, which he did, teaching many things with an emphasis on C-O.  There he also set up the semi-monthly publication of 現代僧伽, later 現代佛教. (SDC says Zhifeng and Daxing were there for six years from 1928-1933, SDC 2.906)
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1928/29 were hard times for Buddhism as the local magistrate 馮玉祥 wanted to enforce laws to turn temples into educational facilities. In reaction to this XDSQ began to give voice to radical reform factions within Buddhism.
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Zhīfēng and Dàxǐng left Xiàmén in [[1932]] when Tàixū retired from his position as abbot of Nánpǔtuó Temple [[南普陀寺]]. ''Rén hǎidēng'' [[人海燈]], a Buddhist weekly associated with a local newspaper that Zhīfēng edited, collapsed. Zhīfēng first he went to Sūzhōu [[蘇州]], but Tàixū asked him to go to Wuchang to help edit the ''Hǎicháo yīn'' [[海潮音]], which, though edited in Wuchang, was being published by Shanghai Buddhist Books [[上海佛學書局]] at that time.
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When Yu Deyuan returned to Xiamen in 1930 to study at Xiamne U., he and Zhifeng became acquainted and got professors invited from the U. to the FXY, and got Zhifeng invited to the U. to give a lecture on the 成唯識論.
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In 1932, when TX retired from Nanputuo Temple to leave town, Zhifeng and Daxing did likewise. The 人海燈, which was a weekly associated with a local newspaper, and was edited by Zhifeng, collapsed when he left. First he went to Suzhou, but TX ordered him to Wuchang to edit the HCY, which though edited in Wuchang, was being published in Shanghai by Buddhist Books during this period.
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Volume 14, number 7 of the ''Hǎicháo yīn'' was a special edition dedicated to Esoteric Buddhism and was based in part on Wáng Hóngyuàn's [[王弘願]] [[1926]] translation from Japanese of the ''Mìzōng gāngyào'' 密宗綱要. Tàixū did not like this book, and publication of this issue of the ''Hǎicháo yīn'' led to a falling out between Zhīfēng and Tàixū. After being forced to edit the magazine for two more issues, Zhīfēng quit, handing editing duties over to Dàxǐng. Zhīfēng left Wuchang to go back to Níngbō where, with Huànfǎ 幻法, a classmate from the Wuchang Buddhist Seminary, he started teaching monks.
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Issue 14, 7 was a special edition dedicated to Mijiao and based in part on 王弘願 1926 translation from Japanese of the 密宗綱要.  TX had not liked this work and publication of this issue led to Zhifeng quitting the HCY (after being forced into editing through issue #9, SDC 2.907), handing editing duties over to Daxing, and leaving Wuchang for Ningbo where, with 幻法, a classmate from Wuchang, he started teaching monks.
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Tàixū tried to mend the rift between them, but each time Zhīfēng rebuffed him. In April [[1935]], Tàixū asked Zhīfēng to come to Wuchang to lecture, in the hope that he would stay and help Fǎfǎng [[法舫]] run World Buddhist Studies Library [[世界佛學苑圖書館]], but Zhīfeng declined. Two years later, Tàixū again asked him again to participate in a Buddhist organization, but again Zhīfēng turned him down.
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[In charge of  Minnan FXY from 1928-1932, see page 275a., Zhīfēng 芝峰,  “Jìnhuà de rénshēng 進化的人生 (Evolving Humanity),” HCY 1 (1936), MFQ 192.275-277.]
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In April 1935, TX asked him to Wuchang to lecture with the hope that he would stay and help Fafang run the FXY and the 世界佛學苑圖書館, but he didn’t.
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With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in [[1937]], Zhīfēng moved to Jìng'ān Temple [[靜安寺]] in Shànghǎi. During the war, Zhīfēng shuttled back and forth between Eastern Zhèjiāng and Jìng'ān Temple.  In [[1943]] he accepted Shì Dōngchū's [[釋東初]] offer to teach and translate works from Japanese at the Jiāoshān Buddhist Seminary [[焦山佛學院]] in Zhènjiāng [[鎮江]].
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254.  In 1937 due to the war he moved to 靜安 Temple.  In 1939, TX asked him to participate in a Buddhist Org, but he turned it down. During the war he shuttled back and forth between E. Zhejiang and 靜安.  In 1943 he accepted 東初’s offer to teach and translate (from Japanese) at 鎮江焦山FXY. 
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In 1945 TX started another org. and this time Zhifeng joined, but TX died in 1946 and Zhifeng died in 1949.
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In [[1945]], Tàixū started another organization and this time Zhīfēng accepted the invitation to join, but Tàixū died the following year.
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After the founding of the PRC, Zhīfēng returned to lay life, marrying the daughter of Huáng Hán 黃涵. He taught at the Beijing Buddhist Seminary [[北京佛學院]].
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'''References:'''
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XFRC, 704b.
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== References ==
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YU 1995, 249-255.
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* {{ZFJS}} Pp. 2.906-910.
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SDC 2.906-910.
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* {{ZJFRZ}} Pp. 249-255.
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* {{XFRC}} Pp. 1.704b-707c.
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[[Category:Biography]]

Current revision as of 14:49, 3 June 2011

Zhīfēng 芝峰 (b.1901)
Zhīfēng 芝峯 (right), with Sū Huìchún 蘇慧純
  • Lay name 俗姓名: Shí Wūkē 石嗚珂
  • Style name 字: Xiàngxián 象賢
  • Born 1901 (Guāngxù 光緒 27) in Wēnzhōu 溫州, Zhèjiāng 浙江
  • Died 19??
Notable Associates:
  • Article editor: Erik Hammerstrom

Zhīfēng 芝峰 (also written 芝峯) (b.1901) was a monk and educator during the Republican period. He was closely allied with Tàixū until they had a falling out over Zhīfēng's decision to include certain materials by a Republican era lay esoteric Buddhist master in the Hǎicháo yīn 海潮音 while he was editor.

Biography

Zhīfēng's family was fairly poor and when he was young he could only attend a few years at traditional schooling. In 1914 he was tonsured at a temple in his hometown. Around 1917 he went to Guānzōng Temple 觀宗寺 in Níngbō 寧波 where they were holding a precepts ceremony on the occasion of the 60th birthday of the abbot, Dìxián 諦閒. In 1918, some laypeople from Beijing gave Dìxián money to found the Guānzōng Study Society 觀宗學社, where Zhīfēng and several others were the student-monks.

In 1920, Zhīfēng returned to his hometown and served in several different roles at Xìngtuó Temple 興陀寺. In 1923 he matriculated at a study session at Hankou Buddhist Studies Institute 漢口佛學講習所, and that summer he participated in the first World Buddhist Congress 世界佛教聯合會 at Lúshān 廬山. In September he became a student at the second session of the Wuchang Buddhist Seminary 武昌佛學院, where he graduated in June 1924. In the fall of 1924 he went home to his first temple and, while studying Tiāntái 天台 and Consciousness-Only 唯識 though, he taught people in his hometown, becoming one of the first monks to try to raise the educational quality of people in his locality.

In 1925, he was asked by Tàixū 太虛 to join Dàxǐng 大醒 in helping Mǎnzhì 滿智 at the Minnan Buddhist Seminary 閩南佛學院, which he did, teaching a variety of subjects, with an emphasis on Consciousness-Only. There, Zhīfēng also helped Dàxǐng set up the semi-monthly magazine Xiàndài sēngqié 現代僧伽 (Modern Sangha), which became Xiàndài fójiào 現代佛教 (Modern Buddhism) in 1932.

When Yú Déyuán 虞德元 returned to Xiàmén 廈門 in 1930 to study at Xiamen University, he and Zhīfēng became acquainted and arranged to have professors invited from the University to come to the Seminary, and Zhīfēng was invited to give a lecture on the Chéng wéishì lùn 成唯識論 at the University.

Zhīfēng and Dàxǐng left Xiàmén in 1932 when Tàixū retired from his position as abbot of Nánpǔtuó Temple 南普陀寺. Rén hǎidēng 人海燈, a Buddhist weekly associated with a local newspaper that Zhīfēng edited, collapsed. Zhīfēng first he went to Sūzhōu 蘇州, but Tàixū asked him to go to Wuchang to help edit the Hǎicháo yīn 海潮音, which, though edited in Wuchang, was being published by Shanghai Buddhist Books 上海佛學書局 at that time.

Volume 14, number 7 of the Hǎicháo yīn was a special edition dedicated to Esoteric Buddhism and was based in part on Wáng Hóngyuàn's 王弘願 1926 translation from Japanese of the Mìzōng gāngyào 密宗綱要. Tàixū did not like this book, and publication of this issue of the Hǎicháo yīn led to a falling out between Zhīfēng and Tàixū. After being forced to edit the magazine for two more issues, Zhīfēng quit, handing editing duties over to Dàxǐng. Zhīfēng left Wuchang to go back to Níngbō where, with Huànfǎ 幻法, a classmate from the Wuchang Buddhist Seminary, he started teaching monks.

Tàixū tried to mend the rift between them, but each time Zhīfēng rebuffed him. In April 1935, Tàixū asked Zhīfēng to come to Wuchang to lecture, in the hope that he would stay and help Fǎfǎng 法舫 run World Buddhist Studies Library 世界佛學苑圖書館, but Zhīfeng declined. Two years later, Tàixū again asked him again to participate in a Buddhist organization, but again Zhīfēng turned him down.

With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Zhīfēng moved to Jìng'ān Temple 靜安寺 in Shànghǎi. During the war, Zhīfēng shuttled back and forth between Eastern Zhèjiāng and Jìng'ān Temple. In 1943 he accepted Shì Dōngchū's 釋東初 offer to teach and translate works from Japanese at the Jiāoshān Buddhist Seminary 焦山佛學院 in Zhènjiāng 鎮江.

In 1945, Tàixū started another organization and this time Zhīfēng accepted the invitation to join, but Tàixū died the following year.

After the founding of the PRC, Zhīfēng returned to lay life, marrying the daughter of Huáng Hán 黃涵. He taught at the Beijing Buddhist Seminary 北京佛學院.

References

  • Shì Dōngchū 釋東初. Zhōngguó Fójiào jìndài shǐ 中國佛教近代史 (A History of Early Contemporary Chinese Buddhism), in Dōngchū lǎorén quánjí 東初老人全集 (Complete Collection of Old Man Dongchu), vols. 1-2. Taipei: Dongchu, 1974 Pp. 2.906-910.
  • Yú Língbō 于凌波. Zhōngguó jìnxiàndài fójiào rénwù zhì 中國近現代佛教人物志. Běijīng 北京: Zōngjiào wénhuà chūbǎnshè 宗教文化出版社, 1995. Pp. 249-255.
  • Yú Língbō 于凌波, ed. Xiàndài Fójiào rénwù cídiǎn 現代佛教人物辭典 (A Dictionary of Modern Buddhist Persons), 2 vols. Taipei: Foguang, 2004. Pp. 1.704b-707c.
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