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| - | + | {{Bio_infobox | |
| - | + | |name-date=Wáng Xiǎoxú 王小徐 (1875-1948) | |
| - | + | |names=* Name 名: Jìtóng 季同 | |
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| - | * Name 名: Jìtóng 季同 | + | |
* Alternate name: Jìkǎi 季鍇 | * Alternate name: Jìkǎi 季鍇 | ||
* Style name 號: Xiǎoxú 小徐 | * Style name 號: Xiǎoxú 小徐 | ||
* Courtesy name 字: Mèngpǔ 孟普 | * Courtesy name 字: Mèngpǔ 孟普 | ||
| + | * Dharma name 法名: Bùqīng 不輕 | ||
| + | |image= | ||
| + | |birth=[[1875]] (Guāngxù 光緒 1) in Sūzhōu [[蘇州]], Jiāngsū [[江蘇]] | ||
| + | |death=[[1948]] (Mínguó 民國 37) in Sūzhōu | ||
| + | |associates=Notable Associates: | ||
| + | * Cài Yuánpéi [[蔡元培]] | ||
| + | * Jiǎng Wéiqiáo [[蔣維喬]] | ||
| + | * Wú Zhìhuī 吳稚暉 | ||
| + | |editor-name=Erik Hammerstrom | ||
| + | }} | ||
| - | ''' | + | '''Wáng Xiǎoxú 王小徐 (1875-1948)''' was one of China's great early modern scientists. He was a founding member of Academia Sinica and, as a lay Buddhist, wrote several of the most influential works on Buddhism and science in the Republican period. |
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| + | ==Biography== | ||
| - | + | Wáng came from a prominent gentry family that was based in Sūzhōu [[蘇州]], but hailed from Ānqìng [[安慶]], Ānhuī [[安徽]]. Wáng was interested in math and the physical sciences from an early age and eventually enrolled at the Tóngwén guǎn 同文館 in Běijīng [[北京]] while still in his early teens. At 16 (in [[1891]]), he produced his first work on Chinese algebra. | |
| - | '' | + | After graduating, Wáng became acquainted with Cài Yuánpéi [[蔡元培]], with whom he participated in a variety of activities, including establishing the Chinese Education Association (''Zhōnghuá jiàoyù huì'' 中華教育會) just after the turn of the century. Other founding members included Wú Zhìhuī 吳稚暉 and Jiǎng Wéiqiáo [[蔣維喬]]. In [[1903]], Wáng, Cài, Jiǎng, and others founded the ultimately short-lived radical political journal, ''Èshì jǐngwén'' 俄事警聞 (''Russian Affairs Bulletin'').<ref>This magazine became ''Jǐngzhōng rìbào'' 警鐘日報 (''The Alarm News'') in [[1904]].</ref> During the busy first years of the 20th century that Wáng became a devout Buddhist. In the early 1900s he attended a lecture given by Yáng Wénhuì [[楊文會]], and began to have faith in Buddhism.<ref> In another preface, which appears in 1934 for Zhōu Shūjiá’s 周叔迦 book ''Wéishì yánjiù'' 唯識研究, Wáng writes that his conversion to Buddhism was sparked by his reading of the ''Awakening of Faith'' 起信論.</ref> |
| - | '' | + | In [[1909]], Wáng was sent to England as an official in the Qing government’s office for overseeing Chinese students in Europe. While in England he trained at various electronics factories, including the Siemens Brothers' Dynamo Factory. While there, Wáng invented a new kind of automatic electric switch. He also became the first Chinese scientist to publish in a European science magazine, when his article, “The Differentiation of Quaternion Functions” appeared in the ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy'' in [[1911]]. |
| - | + | Wáng returned to China after [[1912]], where he worked in industry for nearly two decades. In July [[1928]], he was appointed one of the first researchers in the Research Institute of Engineering of the newly formed Academia Sinica (Zhōngyāng yánjiù yuàn 中央研究院). He retired from there in [[1933]], buying a house in Sūzhōu. | |
| - | '' | + | In the late 1920s he began writing articles about Buddhism and its relationship to science. In these articles, he relied heavily on Consciousness-Only [[唯識]] and the comparative use of Western and classical Buddhist logic [[因明]]. His most important works were ''Fófǎ yǔ kēxuézhī bǐjiào yánjiù'' 佛法與科學之比較研究 (Comparative study of the Buddha-dharma and Science), a collection of essays, letters, and critiques published in [[1932]]; and ''Fófǎ shěngyào'' 佛法省要 (Brief Essentials of the Buddha-dharma), published in [[1942]]. In his later years he also began to write semi-critically of Marxism, which is a clear theme in his ''Fófǎ shěngyào''. |
| - | + | ==Notes== | |
| - | + | <references/> | |
| + | ==Major Buddhist Works== | ||
| + | * ''Kēxué zhī gēnběn wèntí'' 科學之根本問題 (The Basic Problematic of Science).” 1926. | ||
| + | * ''Dú Jǐn Hàn jūn [Fóxué bā shì zhī pīpíng yǔ yánjiù]'' 讀錦漢君【佛學八識之批評與研究】 (Reading Mr. Jin han’s Criticism and Research of the Eighth Consciousness in Buddhism). 1927. | ||
| + | * ''Fófǎ zhī kēxué de shuōmíng'' 佛法之科學的說明 (Scientific Explanation of the Buddha-dharma). 1929. | ||
| + | * ''Fófǎ yǔ kēxué zhī bǐjiào yánjiù'' 佛法與科學之比較研究 (A Comparative Study of the Buddha-dharma and Science). 1932. | ||
| + | * ''Wéishì yánjiù xù'' 唯識研究序 (Preface to Reearch on Consciousness-Only).” In Zhōu Shújiā [[周叔迦]], ''Wéishì yánjiù'' 唯識研究 (Research on Consciousness-Only). 1934. | ||
| + | * ''Yīnmíng rù zhènglǐ lùn mōxiàng, yìmíng, Dōng Xīyáng lùnlǐxué zhī bǐjiào yánjiù'' 因明入正理論摸象, 亦名, 東西洋論理學之比較硏究 (Grasping at the Import of the Nyāyapraveśa or, A Comparative Study of Eastern and Western Logic). 1934. | ||
| + | * ''Fófǎ shěngyào'' 佛法省要 (Brief Essentials of the Buddha-dharma). 1942. | ||
| - | ---- | + | ==References== |
| - | '' | + | * Guō Jīnhǎi 郭金海. “Wáng Jìtóng de diàn wǎngluò fēnxī fāngfǎ jí qíi xuéshù yǐngxiǎng 王季同的電網絡分析方法及其學術影響 (Wáng Jìtóng’s New Method for the Analysis of Electric Networks and Its Scientific Influence).” ''Zhōngguó kējì shǐliào'' 中國科技史料, vol. 24, no. 4 (2003), 312-319. |
| + | * Guō Jīnhǎi 郭金海. “Huáěr hé Húdé guān yú luóxuán dàn huáng xīn gōngshì de yánjiù jí Wáng Jìtóng de huíyìng 華爾和胡德關於螺旋彈簧新公式的研究及王季同的回應 (Investigations of New Formulas for Helical Springs by A. M.Wahl & Joseph Kaye Wood and Wang Ki-Tung's Response).” ''Zìrán kēxuéshǐ yánjiù'' 自然科學史研究, vol. 24, no. 4 (2005), 330-344. | ||
| + | * Hammerstrom, Erik. "Buddhists Discuss Science in Modern China (1895-1949)." Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 2010. Pp. 455-481. | ||
| + | * {{ZFJS}} Pp. 2.582-591. | ||
| + | * Yú Língbō 于凌波. ''Zhōngguó jìndài fómén rénwù zhì'' 中國近代佛門人物志 (Biographical Almanac of Early Contemporary and Modern Chinese Buddhism), vol. 5. Taipei: Huiju, 1999. Pp. 192-207. | ||
[[Category:Biography]] | [[Category:Biography]] | ||
Wáng Xiǎoxú 王小徐 (1875-1948)
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Wáng Xiǎoxú 王小徐 (1875-1948) was one of China's great early modern scientists. He was a founding member of Academia Sinica and, as a lay Buddhist, wrote several of the most influential works on Buddhism and science in the Republican period.
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Wáng came from a prominent gentry family that was based in Sūzhōu 蘇州, but hailed from Ānqìng 安慶, Ānhuī 安徽. Wáng was interested in math and the physical sciences from an early age and eventually enrolled at the Tóngwén guǎn 同文館 in Běijīng 北京 while still in his early teens. At 16 (in 1891), he produced his first work on Chinese algebra.
After graduating, Wáng became acquainted with Cài Yuánpéi 蔡元培, with whom he participated in a variety of activities, including establishing the Chinese Education Association (Zhōnghuá jiàoyù huì 中華教育會) just after the turn of the century. Other founding members included Wú Zhìhuī 吳稚暉 and Jiǎng Wéiqiáo 蔣維喬. In 1903, Wáng, Cài, Jiǎng, and others founded the ultimately short-lived radical political journal, Èshì jǐngwén 俄事警聞 (Russian Affairs Bulletin).[1] During the busy first years of the 20th century that Wáng became a devout Buddhist. In the early 1900s he attended a lecture given by Yáng Wénhuì 楊文會, and began to have faith in Buddhism.[2]
In 1909, Wáng was sent to England as an official in the Qing government’s office for overseeing Chinese students in Europe. While in England he trained at various electronics factories, including the Siemens Brothers' Dynamo Factory. While there, Wáng invented a new kind of automatic electric switch. He also became the first Chinese scientist to publish in a European science magazine, when his article, “The Differentiation of Quaternion Functions” appeared in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy in 1911.
Wáng returned to China after 1912, where he worked in industry for nearly two decades. In July 1928, he was appointed one of the first researchers in the Research Institute of Engineering of the newly formed Academia Sinica (Zhōngyāng yánjiù yuàn 中央研究院). He retired from there in 1933, buying a house in Sūzhōu.
In the late 1920s he began writing articles about Buddhism and its relationship to science. In these articles, he relied heavily on Consciousness-Only 唯識 and the comparative use of Western and classical Buddhist logic 因明. His most important works were Fófǎ yǔ kēxuézhī bǐjiào yánjiù 佛法與科學之比較研究 (Comparative study of the Buddha-dharma and Science), a collection of essays, letters, and critiques published in 1932; and Fófǎ shěngyào 佛法省要 (Brief Essentials of the Buddha-dharma), published in 1942. In his later years he also began to write semi-critically of Marxism, which is a clear theme in his Fófǎ shěngyào.