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| - | + | '''Buddhist Seminaries (Fóxué yuàn 佛學院)''' | |
| - | + | ==History== | |
| - | In addition to those schools explicitly identified as "Fóxué yuàn", there were a large number of Buddhist schools founded in China during the first half of the 20th century that catered to monastic and mixed lay/monastic student bodies. Welch lists 72 such seminaries in operation between [[1912]] and 1950.<ref>Welch, 285-287</ref> He estimates, very tentatively, that somewhere on the order of 7,500 Buddhist seminarians graduated in China during those years. Although this estimation is based on incomplete data, it demonstrates that thousands of monks and nuns received their education at Buddhist Seminaries. | + | According to Welch, the term "''Fóxué yuàn''" was invented (or at least pioneered) by Tàixū [[太虛]] with the naming of the Wuchang Buddhist Seminary [[武昌佛學院]], which opened in [[1922]]. Welch states, "Many of the innovations he (Tàixū) made there proved popular, and by [[1945]] almost all seminaries in China had become 'institutes for Buddhist studies'<ref>This is Welch's literal translation of "''Fóxué yuàn''".</ref> in name, if not in substance. To varying degrees they adopted what Tàixū had adopted from lay schools and abroad."<ref>Welch, 107</ref> |
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| + | In addition to those schools explicitly identified as "''Fóxué yuàn''", there were a large number of Buddhist schools founded in China during the first half of the 20th century that catered to monastic and mixed lay/monastic student bodies. Welch lists 72 such seminaries in operation between [[1912]] and 1950.<ref>Welch, 285-287</ref> He estimates, very tentatively, that somewhere on the order of 7,500 Buddhist seminarians graduated in China during those years. Although this estimation is based on incomplete data, it demonstrates that thousands of monks and nuns received their education at Buddhist Seminaries. | ||
{{Institution Editor}} | {{Institution Editor}} | ||
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| - | + | ==Buddhist Seminaries Associated with Tàixū [[太虛]]<ref>Unless otherwise liited, all information comes from Welch (p. 286). The numbers in parentheses are Welch's estimates of typical enrollment, which he admits are very rough.</ref>== | |
* [[武昌佛學院]] [[1922]] - intermittent, ended in [[1934]], briefly moved to Shanghai in [[1937]] (70) | * [[武昌佛學院]] [[1922]] - intermittent, ended in [[1934]], briefly moved to Shanghai in [[1937]] (70) | ||
* [[藏文學院]] [[1924]] - [[1925]] (50)<ref>The enrollment here is from Welch (p. 198-199), but he is incorrect regarding the dates. He says it ran for two years, but all other sources agree it closed in 1925.</ref> | * [[藏文學院]] [[1924]] - [[1925]] (50)<ref>The enrollment here is from Welch (p. 198-199), but he is incorrect regarding the dates. He says it ran for two years, but all other sources agree it closed in 1925.</ref> | ||
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* [[柏林教理院]] [[1930]] - [[1931]] | * [[柏林教理院]] [[1930]] - [[1931]] | ||
* [[漢藏教理院]] [[1931]] - [[1949]] (60-100) | * [[漢藏教理院]] [[1931]] - [[1949]] (60-100) | ||
| + | * [[法王佛學院]] [[1941]] - [[1944]]? | ||
* [[武林佛學院]] [[1946]] - [[1948]] (30) | * [[武林佛學院]] [[1946]] - [[1948]] (30) | ||
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| - | + | ==Other Seminaries Established Between 1900 and 1950<ref>Unless otherwise listed, all information comes from Welch (p. 286).</ref>== | |
| + | * [[普通僧學堂]] [[1906]] - [[1908]] (20+ monks)<ref>Shì, 1.79.</ref> | ||
* [[祇洹精舍]] [[1908]] - [[1910]] (12 monks and 12 laymen)<ref>Welch, 9.</ref> | * [[祇洹精舍]] [[1908]] - [[1910]] (12 monks and 12 laymen)<ref>Welch, 9.</ref> | ||
* [[江蘇僧師範學堂]] [[1909]] - [[1911]] | * [[江蘇僧師範學堂]] [[1909]] - [[1911]] | ||
* 上海[[華嚴大學]] [[1912]] - [[1916]] (60 total graduates) | * 上海[[華嚴大學]] [[1912]] - [[1916]] (60 total graduates) | ||
| + | * [[儒釋初高小學]] [[1912]] - [[1913]]? (50+)<ref>Yú, p. 2.1152b-c (from the entry for Zhìguāng [[智光]])</ref> | ||
* [[觀宗研究社]] (later [[弘法學院]]) [[1918]] - [[1939]] (200) | * [[觀宗研究社]] (later [[弘法學院]]) [[1918]] - [[1939]] (200) | ||
* [[法界學院]] [[1919]] - [[1934]] (40) | * [[法界學院]] [[1919]] - [[1934]] (40) | ||
* 漢口[[華嚴大學]] [[1920]] - [[1923]] | * 漢口[[華嚴大學]] [[1920]] - [[1923]] | ||
| + | * [[天寧學戒堂]] [[1920]] - [[1949]]<ref>Renamed 天寧佛學院 in [[1931]].</ref> (200) | ||
* [[安徽僧學校]] [[1922]] - [[1924]] (20)<ref>Welch refers to this as the 安徽佛學校 or 迎江佛學院. Welch, 285.</ref> | * [[安徽僧學校]] [[1922]] - [[1924]] (20)<ref>Welch refers to this as the 安徽佛學校 or 迎江佛學院. Welch, 285.</ref> | ||
| + | * [[四弘學院]] [[1922]]<ref>Shì, 1.206.</ref> - [[1924]]<ref>This latter date comes from Welch (286), who refers to this seminary as "K'ao-yu Fo-hsüeh yuen."</ref> | ||
* [[景賢學佛社]] [[1924]] - [[1927]], when this was renamed the [[閩南佛學院]] | * [[景賢學佛社]] [[1924]] - [[1927]], when this was renamed the [[閩南佛學院]] | ||
* [[清涼學院]] [[1924]] - [[1931]] (20 students)<ref>Yú, 2.1658a. (From the entry for Yīngcí [[應慈]])</ref> | * [[清涼學院]] [[1924]] - [[1931]] (20 students)<ref>Yú, 2.1658a. (From the entry for Yīngcí [[應慈]])</ref> | ||
* [[弘慈佛學院]] [[1924]] - [[1934]]<ref>Welch, 286.</ref> | * [[弘慈佛學院]] [[1924]] - [[1934]]<ref>Welch, 286.</ref> | ||
| - | * [[竹林佛學院]] [[1928]] - [[ | + | * [[報恩佛學院]] [[1928]] - at least [[1936]] |
| + | * [[竹林佛學院]] [[1928]] - Fall [[1939]] | ||
* [[大興善寺佛學院]] [[1932]] - ??<Ref> Yú Língbō reports that this seminary was started in [[1932]] (p. 1.338c.), but Welch says it only ran from [[1922]] to [[1923]]. Welch (p. 286).</ref> | * [[大興善寺佛學院]] [[1932]] - ??<Ref> Yú Língbō reports that this seminary was started in [[1932]] (p. 1.338c.), but Welch says it only ran from [[1922]] to [[1923]]. Welch (p. 286).</ref> | ||
* [[焦山佛學院]] [[1934]] - [[1937]], [[1940]] - [[1948]] (~300 total students) | * [[焦山佛學院]] [[1934]] - [[1937]], [[1940]] - [[1948]] (~300 total students) | ||
| + | * [[湛山寺佛學院]] [[1936]]<ref>Welch says this seminary began in [[1935]].</ref> - [[1949]] (40 students); ?? - present | ||
* [[大乘佛教弘化院]] ca.[[1941]] - ?? (100 students in the first class)<ref>Yú, 1.780b-783b from the entry for Hú Zǐhù [[胡子笏]])</ref> | * [[大乘佛教弘化院]] ca.[[1941]] - ?? (100 students in the first class)<ref>Yú, 1.780b-783b from the entry for Hú Zǐhù [[胡子笏]])</ref> | ||
| + | * [[上海佛學院]] [[1942]] - [[1949]] <ref>Welch falsely says this only ran from 1946 to 1947.</ref> | ||
* [[華南佛學院]] [[1948]] - 1954 (20+ students per each of two classes), after 1954 it became research-oriented and classes ceased<ref>Yú, 1.802b-803a, from the entry for Tánxū [[倓虛]])</ref> | * [[華南佛學院]] [[1948]] - 1954 (20+ students per each of two classes), after 1954 it became research-oriented and classes ceased<ref>Yú, 1.802b-803a, from the entry for Tánxū [[倓虛]])</ref> | ||
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| + | ---- | ||
| + | ==Seminaries Established After 1950== | ||
* [[中國佛學院]] 1956 - 1966; ?? - present | * [[中國佛學院]] 1956 - 1966; ?? - present | ||
| + | * [[金山佛學院]] 1994 - present<ref>Yú, 2.1279c-1280c. (From the entry for Cízhōu [[慈舟]])</ref> | ||
| + | * [[上海佛學院]] 1983-present | ||
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| - | + | ==Notes== | |
<references/> | <references/> | ||
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| - | + | ==References== | |
* Pittman, Donald. ''Toward a Modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu’s Reforms.'' (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2001), 99. | * Pittman, Donald. ''Toward a Modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu’s Reforms.'' (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2001), 99. | ||
* {{ZFJS}} Pp. 2.896. | * {{ZFJS}} Pp. 2.896. | ||
Buddhist Seminaries (Fóxué yuàn 佛學院)
Contents |
According to Welch, the term "Fóxué yuàn" was invented (or at least pioneered) by Tàixū 太虛 with the naming of the Wuchang Buddhist Seminary 武昌佛學院, which opened in 1922. Welch states, "Many of the innovations he (Tàixū) made there proved popular, and by 1945 almost all seminaries in China had become 'institutes for Buddhist studies'[1] in name, if not in substance. To varying degrees they adopted what Tàixū had adopted from lay schools and abroad."[2]
In addition to those schools explicitly identified as "Fóxué yuàn", there were a large number of Buddhist schools founded in China during the first half of the 20th century that catered to monastic and mixed lay/monastic student bodies. Welch lists 72 such seminaries in operation between 1912 and 1950.[3] He estimates, very tentatively, that somewhere on the order of 7,500 Buddhist seminarians graduated in China during those years. Although this estimation is based on incomplete data, it demonstrates that thousands of monks and nuns received their education at Buddhist Seminaries.
Erik Hammerstrom