Taixu 太虛 - Revision history

Greg at 09:55, 7 June 2012

Greg — Thu, 07 Jun 2012 09:55:06 GMT

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-	'''Tàixū 太虛 (1890-1947)''' was ~~one of the most influential~~ and well-known ~~Chinese~~ Buddhist ~~figures~~ of the ~~modern era, a reformer who established seminaries~~ and Buddhist ~~periodicals~~, ~~such as his~~ long-running Hǎicháo yīn [[海潮音]].	+	'''Tàixū 太虛 (1890-1947)''' was a Chinese Buddhist monk, educator, author, and editor. He is well-known for advocating Buddhist reforms, for founding some of the first and largest Buddhist seminaries in China, and for publishing an extensive corpus of work, including the long-running periodical ''Hǎicháo yīn'' [[海潮音]] (Sound of the Sea Tide). His ideas, especially those relating to "humanistic Buddhism" 人間佛教, have since become widely influential, and he and his students are revered by many Chinese Buddhist organizations today.

	== Biography ==		== Biography ==

Greg at 09:48, 7 June 2012

Greg — Thu, 07 Jun 2012 09:48:01 GMT

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	{{Bio_infobox		{{Bio_infobox
	\|name-date=Tàixū 太虛 (1890-1947)		\|name-date=Tàixū 太虛 (1890-1947)
-	\|names=* Lay name 俗名: Lǔ Pèilín 吕沛林	+	\|names=
		+	* Lay name 俗名: Lǔ Pèilín 吕沛林
	* Dharma name 法名: Wéixīn 唯心		* Dharma name 法名: Wéixīn 唯心
	* Pen name 筆名: Bēihuá 悲華<ref>Luó Tóngbīng 羅同兵 connects Tàixū to this pen name in a forthcoming volume</ref>		* Pen name 筆名: Bēihuá 悲華<ref>Luó Tóngbīng 羅同兵 connects Tàixū to this pen name in a forthcoming volume</ref>
		+	* Other names: Huázǐ 華子; Xuěshān lǎosēng 雪山老僧; Zhāng Gànsēn 張淦森 Mèiān zhǔrén 昧盦主人; Jìnyún lǎorén 縉雲老人
	\|image=[[File:Taixu.jpg\|center\|Tàixū]]		\|image=[[File:Taixu.jpg\|center\|Tàixū]]
	\|birth=1/8, [[1890]] (Guāngxù 光緒 16) in Cháng'ān Town 長安鎮, Hǎiníng county 海寧縣, Zhèjiāng 浙江		\|birth=1/8, [[1890]] (Guāngxù 光緒 16) in Cháng'ān Town 長安鎮, Hǎiníng county 海寧縣, Zhèjiāng 浙江
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	Faced with the inhumanity of the First World War, as well as his setbacks in enacting change on Jīnshān and elsewhere, in the fall of [[1914]] Tàixū began a three-year period of sealed confinement 閉關 in the Xílín Chan Hall 錫麟禪院 on Mount Putuo [[普陀山]] in Zhèjiāng province.<ref>For more on Tàixū's period of confinement, see 法空, "太虛大師在錫麟禪院「閉關」潛修" in 香港佛教, Vols. 469 [http://www.hkbuddhist.org/magazine/469/469_05.html] and 470 [http://www.hkbuddhist.org/magazine/470/470_09.html].</ref> During this time he followed a schedule of venerating the Buddhas, meditation, and textual study. His reading included Buddhist scriptures, the Chinese classics, modern literature and works on Western science, logic, and philosophy. He also began to study the Consciousness-only school, as well as the texts ''Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna'' (Dàshèng qǐxìn lùn 大乘起信論) and the ''Discourse on the Theory of Consciousness-only'' (Chéng wéishì lùn 成唯識論). Tàixū was prolific with his writing as well, producing over ten works on topics such as education, science, and sangha reform. During his seclusion he remained appraised of important political events, such as the acceptance by Yuán Shìkǎi 袁世凱 of Japan's Twenty-one Demands in [[1915]], and the passage of the Regulations for the Control of Monasteries and Temples 管理寺廟條例 by the Beijing parliament later that year.<ref>Pittman, 81-85.</ref>		Faced with the inhumanity of the First World War, as well as his setbacks in enacting change on Jīnshān and elsewhere, in the fall of [[1914]] Tàixū began a three-year period of sealed confinement 閉關 in the Xílín Chan Hall 錫麟禪院 on Mount Putuo [[普陀山]] in Zhèjiāng province.<ref>For more on Tàixū's period of confinement, see 法空, "太虛大師在錫麟禪院「閉關」潛修" in 香港佛教, Vols. 469 [http://www.hkbuddhist.org/magazine/469/469_05.html] and 470 [http://www.hkbuddhist.org/magazine/470/470_09.html].</ref> During this time he followed a schedule of venerating the Buddhas, meditation, and textual study. His reading included Buddhist scriptures, the Chinese classics, modern literature and works on Western science, logic, and philosophy. He also began to study the Consciousness-only school, as well as the texts ''Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna'' (Dàshèng qǐxìn lùn 大乘起信論) and the ''Discourse on the Theory of Consciousness-only'' (Chéng wéishì lùn 成唯識論). Tàixū was prolific with his writing as well, producing over ten works on topics such as education, science, and sangha reform. During his seclusion he remained appraised of important political events, such as the acceptance by Yuán Shìkǎi 袁世凱 of Japan's Twenty-one Demands in [[1915]], and the passage of the Regulations for the Control of Monasteries and Temples 管理寺廟條例 by the Beijing parliament later that year.<ref>Pittman, 81-85.</ref>
		+
		+	=== Publishing and Education ===
		+
		+	After completing his period of confinement, Tàixū traveled to Japan, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. On his return to China he continued to promote reform, helping to found the Juéshè [[覺社]] (Awakening Society) in Shànghǎi in [[1918]] and its periodical ''Juéshè cóngshū'' 覺社叢書 (Awakening Society Collectanea). Over the year of its print run he gradually gained more editorial control until in early [[1920]] he moved to Hángzhōu [[杭州]] and reorganized the publication as ''Hǎicháo yīn'' [[海潮音]] (Sound of the Sea Tide). ''Hǎicháo yīn'' would continue to be published throughout the Republican era and after a brief hiatus resumed publication in Taiwan after 1949.
		+
		+	In 1921 he became abbot of Jìngcí Temple 净慈寺 in Hángzhōu but by the end of the year had to leave this position because of criticism. Traveling to Wǔhàn [[武漢]], he accepted a teaching position at Zhonghua University, a private university in Wǔchāng [[武昌]], where he lectured on philosophy and Hetuvidyā (the ancient Indian science of logic). In [[1922]] he founded the Wǔchāng Buddhist Seminary [[武昌佛學院]] and served as principal.

	{{Incomplete}}		{{Incomplete}}
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	== References and Resources ==		== References and Resources ==
	* Callahan, Paul E. "T'ai-hsü and the New Buddhist Movement." Harvard University: Paper on China 6 (1952): 149-188.		* Callahan, Paul E. "T'ai-hsü and the New Buddhist Movement." Harvard University: Paper on China 6 (1952): 149-188.
-	* Chou Hsiang-kuang. ''T'ai-hsü: His Life and Teachings''. Allahabad: Indo-Chinese Literature Publications 1957.	+	* Chou Hsiang-kuang. ''T'ai-hsü: His Life and Teachings''. Allahabad: Indo-Chinese Literature Publications, 1957.
		+	* Dharma Drum Person Authority Database, Record #A004819. [http://authority.ddbc.edu.tw/person/?fromInner=A004819]
	* Hamilton, C. H. "An Hour with T'ai-hsü, Master of the Law." ''The Open Court''. 42 (1928): 162-169.		* Hamilton, C. H. "An Hour with T'ai-hsü, Master of the Law." ''The Open Court''. 42 (1928): 162-169.
	* Hodous, Lewis. "The Buddhist Outlook in China." ''Chinese Student's Monthly'' 21:6 (1926): 9-11.		* Hodous, Lewis. "The Buddhist Outlook in China." ''Chinese Student's Monthly'' 21:6 (1926): 9-11.

Greg: /* References and Resources */

Greg — Tue, 19 Jul 2011 09:30:07 GMT

References and Resources

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	* Ritzinger, Justin R. "Taixu: To Renew Buddhism and Save the Modern World". Thesis, available at [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/102919.htm].		* Ritzinger, Justin R. "Taixu: To Renew Buddhism and Save the Modern World". Thesis, available at [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/102919.htm].
	* {{ZFJS}} Pp. 2.805-811.		* {{ZFJS}} Pp. 2.805-811.
-	* Shì Tàixū 釋太虛. ''Tàixū dàshī quánshū'' 太虛大師全書, 10 vols. Beijing: Zongjiao wenhua chubanshe, 2005.	+	* Shì Tàixū 釋太虛. ''Tàixū dàshī quánshū'' 太虛大師全書 (Complete Works of Master Tàixū), 10 vols. Beijing: Zongjiao wenhua chubanshe, 2005.
-	* Shì Tàixū 釋太虛, ed. ''Fǎxiàng wéishì xué'' 法相唯識學. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan, 2002. Originally published in Chángshā 長沙, c. 1938.	+	* Shì Tàixū 釋太虛, ed. ''Fǎxiàng wéishì xué'' 法相唯識學. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan, 2002. Originally published in Chángshā 長沙, ca. 1938.
	* {{XFRC}} Pp. 1.95b-97c.		* {{XFRC}} Pp. 1.95b-97c.
	* Taixu. "The Meaning of Buddhism." trans. Frank Millican. ''Chinese Recorder'' 65 (1934): 689-695.		* Taixu. "The Meaning of Buddhism." trans. Frank Millican. ''Chinese Recorder'' 65 (1934): 689-695.
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	* "Urge Cultural tie with the Orient: Delegates Representing Eastern and Western Religions Unite in Movement to Promote World Peace." ''New York Times'', March 6, 1929.		* "Urge Cultural tie with the Orient: Delegates Representing Eastern and Western Religions Unite in Movement to Promote World Peace." ''New York Times'', March 6, 1929.
	* {{BRC}} Particularly pp. 51-71.		* {{BRC}} Particularly pp. 51-71.
-	* Yìnshùn [[印順]]. ''Tàixū dàshī niánpǔ'' 太虛大師年普. 新竹: 福嚴精舍流通, 1950; 1973 printing.	+	* Yìnshùn [[印順]]. ''Tàixū dàshī niánpǔ'' 太虛大師年普 (Chronology of Master Tàixū). Xinzhu: Fuyan jingshe liutong 福嚴精舍流通, 1950; 1973 printing. Electronic edition available here [http://yinshun-edu.org.tw/en/Master_yinshun/y13].

	[[Category:Biography]]		[[Category:Biography]]

Greg: /* Important Publications */

Greg — Mon, 09 May 2011 06:57:24 GMT

Important Publications

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	* 整頓僧伽制度論 (On Reorganizing the Monastic System). 台北: 臺灣印經處, 1958.		* 整頓僧伽制度論 (On Reorganizing the Monastic System). 台北: 臺灣印經處, 1958.
	* 太虛大師全書 (The Complete Works of Venerable Taixu). 33 Vols. 台北: 民國59 (1970).		* 太虛大師全書 (The Complete Works of Venerable Taixu). 33 Vols. 台北: 民國59 (1970).
		+
		+	* A digital version of Tàixū's collected works is available here [http://www.buddhaway.org/T00-taixu.htm] in PDF form

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

Greg at 01:15, 26 November 2010

Greg — Fri, 26 Nov 2010 01:15:07 GMT

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-	'''Tàixū 太虛~~'''~~ (1890-1947) was one of the most influential and well-known Chinese Buddhist figures of the modern era, a reformer who established seminaries and Buddhist periodicals, such as his long-running Hǎicháo yīn [[海潮音]].	+	'''Tàixū 太虛 (1890-1947)''' was one of the most influential and well-known Chinese Buddhist figures of the modern era, a reformer who established seminaries and Buddhist periodicals, such as his long-running Hǎicháo yīn [[海潮音]].

	== Biography ==		== Biography ==

Erik hammerstrom at 15:25, 14 July 2010

Erik hammerstrom — Wed, 14 Jul 2010 15:25:53 GMT

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	His "revolutionary" activities would begin in [[1912]] when he and Rénshān [[仁山]] collaborated on a plan to take over Jīnshān Monastery [[金山寺]] in Zhènjiāng [[鎮江]] and use its resources to establish a modern school for monastics 僧學堂. The so-called "Invasion of Jinshan" [[大鬧金山]] failed, but the incident established Tàixū's reputation as a revolutionary monk. Tàixū came to epitomize the radical changes feared by conservatives and supported by more progressive members of the Buddhist community.<ref>Pittman, 74-77; Welch 28-33.</ref>		His "revolutionary" activities would begin in [[1912]] when he and Rénshān [[仁山]] collaborated on a plan to take over Jīnshān Monastery [[金山寺]] in Zhènjiāng [[鎮江]] and use its resources to establish a modern school for monastics 僧學堂. The so-called "Invasion of Jinshan" [[大鬧金山]] failed, but the incident established Tàixū's reputation as a revolutionary monk. Tàixū came to epitomize the radical changes feared by conservatives and supported by more progressive members of the Buddhist community.<ref>Pittman, 74-77; Welch 28-33.</ref>

-	In April of [[1912]], Tàixū traveled to Shànghǎi [[上海]] at Jìchán's request to help him establish the Chinese General Buddhist Association [[中華佛教總會]]. Much of the impetus for this move came from the emergence of the Chinese Buddhist Association [[中國佛教會]], founded in Nánjīng [[南京]] by a group that included Oūyáng Jiàn [[歐陽漸]], a former student of Yáng Wénhuì. The CBA was led by laypeople, and its charter, which outlined broad powers over Buddhist activities in China, had already received the assent of Sun Yat-sen, then Provisional President of the Republic. Jìchán therefore sought the help of Yuányīng, Dìxián [[諦閑]], Xūyún [[虛雲]] and others to establish a Buddhist organization that better represented the monastic institution. He even had Tàixū suspend promotion of his own ~~Society~~ for the Advancement of Buddhism [[佛教協進會]] and throw his support behind this new group. In November of [[1912]], however, Jìchán died in Běijīng [[北京]], and without his leadership the organization only survived for two more years.<ref>Pittman, 77-79.</ref>	+	In April of [[1912]], Tàixū traveled to Shànghǎi [[上海]] at Jìchán's request to help him establish the Chinese General Buddhist Association [[中華佛教總會]]. Much of the impetus for this move came from the emergence of the Chinese Buddhist Association [[中國佛教會]], founded in Nánjīng [[南京]] by a group that included Oūyáng Jiàn [[歐陽漸]], a former student of Yáng Wénhuì. The CBA was led by laypeople, and its charter, which outlined broad powers over Buddhist activities in China, had already received the assent of Sun Yat-sen, then Provisional President of the Republic. Jìchán therefore sought the help of Yuányīng, Dìxián [[諦閑]], Xūyún [[虛雲]] and others to establish a Buddhist organization that better represented the monastic institution. He even had Tàixū suspend promotion of his own Association for the Advancement of Buddhism [[佛教協進會]] and throw his support behind this new group. In November of [[1912]], however, Jìchán died in Běijīng [[北京]], and without his leadership the organization only survived for two more years.<ref>Pittman, 77-79.</ref>

	Faced with the inhumanity of the First World War, as well as his setbacks in enacting change on Jīnshān and elsewhere, in the fall of [[1914]] Tàixū began a three-year period of sealed confinement 閉關 in the Xílín Chan Hall 錫麟禪院 on Mount Putuo [[普陀山]] in Zhèjiāng province.<ref>For more on Tàixū's period of confinement, see 法空, "太虛大師在錫麟禪院「閉關」潛修" in 香港佛教, Vols. 469 [http://www.hkbuddhist.org/magazine/469/469_05.html] and 470 [http://www.hkbuddhist.org/magazine/470/470_09.html].</ref> During this time he followed a schedule of venerating the Buddhas, meditation, and textual study. His reading included Buddhist scriptures, the Chinese classics, modern literature and works on Western science, logic, and philosophy. He also began to study the Consciousness-only school, as well as the texts ''Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna'' (Dàshèng qǐxìn lùn 大乘起信論) and the ''Discourse on the Theory of Consciousness-only'' (Chéng wéishì lùn 成唯識論). Tàixū was prolific with his writing as well, producing over ten works on topics such as education, science, and sangha reform. During his seclusion he remained appraised of important political events, such as the acceptance by Yuán Shìkǎi 袁世凱 of Japan's Twenty-one Demands in [[1915]], and the passage of the Regulations for the Control of Monasteries and Temples 管理寺廟條例 by the Beijing parliament later that year.<ref>Pittman, 81-85.</ref>		Faced with the inhumanity of the First World War, as well as his setbacks in enacting change on Jīnshān and elsewhere, in the fall of [[1914]] Tàixū began a three-year period of sealed confinement 閉關 in the Xílín Chan Hall 錫麟禪院 on Mount Putuo [[普陀山]] in Zhèjiāng province.<ref>For more on Tàixū's period of confinement, see 法空, "太虛大師在錫麟禪院「閉關」潛修" in 香港佛教, Vols. 469 [http://www.hkbuddhist.org/magazine/469/469_05.html] and 470 [http://www.hkbuddhist.org/magazine/470/470_09.html].</ref> During this time he followed a schedule of venerating the Buddhas, meditation, and textual study. His reading included Buddhist scriptures, the Chinese classics, modern literature and works on Western science, logic, and philosophy. He also began to study the Consciousness-only school, as well as the texts ''Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna'' (Dàshèng qǐxìn lùn 大乘起信論) and the ''Discourse on the Theory of Consciousness-only'' (Chéng wéishì lùn 成唯識論). Tàixū was prolific with his writing as well, producing over ten works on topics such as education, science, and sangha reform. During his seclusion he remained appraised of important political events, such as the acceptance by Yuán Shìkǎi 袁世凱 of Japan's Twenty-one Demands in [[1915]], and the passage of the Regulations for the Control of Monasteries and Temples 管理寺廟條例 by the Beijing parliament later that year.<ref>Pittman, 81-85.</ref>

Greg: typo

Greg — Fri, 26 Mar 2010 14:05:27 GMT

typo

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-	'''Tàixū 太虛''' (1890-1947)was one of the most influential and well-known Chinese Buddhist figures of the modern era, a reformer who established seminaries and Buddhist periodicals, such as his long-running Hǎicháo yīn [[海潮音]].	+	'''Tàixū 太虛''' (1890-1947) was one of the most influential and well-known Chinese Buddhist figures of the modern era, a reformer who established seminaries and Buddhist periodicals, such as his long-running Hǎicháo yīn [[海潮音]].

	== Biography ==		== Biography ==

Greg at 14:05, 26 March 2010

Greg — Fri, 26 Mar 2010 14:05:07 GMT

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	}}		}}

-	== Tàixū 太虛 (1890-1947) ==	+	'''Tàixū 太虛''' (1890-1947)was one of the most influential and well-known Chinese Buddhist figures of the modern era, a reformer who established seminaries and Buddhist periodicals, such as his long-running Hǎicháo yīn [[海潮音]].

-	Tàixū was one of the most influential and well-known Chinese Buddhist figures of the modern era, a reformer who established seminaries and Buddhist periodicals, such as his long-running Hǎicháo yīn [[海潮音]].	+	== Biography ==
-		+
-	~~'''~~Biography~~'''~~	+

	Tàixū was born in northern Zhèjiāng [[浙江]] province in [[1890]]. His father, a bricklayer, died when he was only a year old, and when his mother remarried his maternal grandmother took care of him. He received a primary education in the Chinese classical learning, and from the age of eight accompanied his grandmother on pilgrimages to sacred mountains in eastern China. In [[1901]] he was apprenticed to a business in Chángān town, but the death of his mother and health problems of his own prevented him from fulfilling his professional responsibilities.<ref>Pittman, 63-65.</ref>		Tàixū was born in northern Zhèjiāng [[浙江]] province in [[1890]]. His father, a bricklayer, died when he was only a year old, and when his mother remarried his maternal grandmother took care of him. He received a primary education in the Chinese classical learning, and from the age of eight accompanied his grandmother on pilgrimages to sacred mountains in eastern China. In [[1901]] he was apprenticed to a business in Chángān town, but the death of his mother and health problems of his own prevented him from fulfilling his professional responsibilities.<ref>Pittman, 63-65.</ref>
		+
		+	=== Early Years to Sealed Confinement ===

	In [[1904]], when Tàixū was fourteen, he decided to enter the Buddhist sangha and was tonsured at a small temple in Sūzhōu [[蘇州]] where he was given the dharma name Wéixīn 唯心 (mind-only). He was later given the style name by which he is most widely known, Tàixū, and later that year took the full precepts at Tiāntóng Temple [[天童寺]] in Níngbō [[寧波]] under the monk Jìchán [[寄禪]]. He went on to train at Yongfeng Temple, practicing Chan meditation and engaging in sūtra study. The ''Śūraṅgama Sūtra'' (Lèngyán jīng 楞嚴經) and the ''Lotus Sūtra'' (Fǎhuá jīng 法華經) were especially attractive to him.<ref>Pittman, 66.</ref> It at this time that Tàixū first met Yuányīng [[圓瑛]], the start of a productive but difficult friendship. In [[1907]] Tàixū had an enlightenment experience while reading the ''Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra'' 大般若波羅蜜多經, and he would later recall that after this his studies became much easier, as if the insights were coming from his own heart.<ref>Ritzinger, 4; Pittman, 67.</ref>		In [[1904]], when Tàixū was fourteen, he decided to enter the Buddhist sangha and was tonsured at a small temple in Sūzhōu [[蘇州]] where he was given the dharma name Wéixīn 唯心 (mind-only). He was later given the style name by which he is most widely known, Tàixū, and later that year took the full precepts at Tiāntóng Temple [[天童寺]] in Níngbō [[寧波]] under the monk Jìchán [[寄禪]]. He went on to train at Yongfeng Temple, practicing Chan meditation and engaging in sūtra study. The ''Śūraṅgama Sūtra'' (Lèngyán jīng 楞嚴經) and the ''Lotus Sūtra'' (Fǎhuá jīng 法華經) were especially attractive to him.<ref>Pittman, 66.</ref> It at this time that Tàixū first met Yuányīng [[圓瑛]], the start of a productive but difficult friendship. In [[1907]] Tàixū had an enlightenment experience while reading the ''Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra'' 大般若波羅蜜多經, and he would later recall that after this his studies became much easier, as if the insights were coming from his own heart.<ref>Ritzinger, 4; Pittman, 67.</ref>
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	{{Incomplete}}		{{Incomplete}}

-	~~----~~	+	== Impact and Legacy ==
-	~~'''~~Impact and Legacy~~'''~~	+

	Tàixū's place in the history of Modern Chinese Buddhism was established very early on, but the nature of the impact he had and the meaning of his legacy continues to be a matter of some debate. While Welch's 1968 study was quite critical of Tàixū's legacy, and questioned whether his reforms were moving toward something that could rightly be called "Buddhism", Pittman's more recent book puts Tàixū's work in a much more positive light.		Tàixū's place in the history of Modern Chinese Buddhism was established very early on, but the nature of the impact he had and the meaning of his legacy continues to be a matter of some debate. While Welch's 1968 study was quite critical of Tàixū's legacy, and questioned whether his reforms were moving toward something that could rightly be called "Buddhism", Pittman's more recent book puts Tàixū's work in a much more positive light.
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	{{Incomplete}}		{{Incomplete}}

-	~~----~~	+	== Notable Organizations and Seminaries ==
-	~~'''~~Notable Organizations and Seminaries~~'''~~	+

	* The Awakening Society [[覺社]]		* The Awakening Society [[覺社]]
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	* Sino-Tibetan Institute of the World Buddhist Studies Center [[世界佛學苑漢藏教理院]]		* Sino-Tibetan Institute of the World Buddhist Studies Center [[世界佛學苑漢藏教理院]]

-	~~----~~	+	== Important Publications ==
-	~~'''~~Important Publications~~'''~~	+

	* [[海潮音]] (The Sound of the Sea Tide). 上海, 1920 - 1949.		* [[海潮音]] (The Sound of the Sea Tide). 上海, 1920 - 1949.
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	* 太虛大師全書 (The Complete Works of Venerable Taixu). 33 Vols. 台北: 民國59 (1970).		* 太虛大師全書 (The Complete Works of Venerable Taixu). 33 Vols. 台北: 民國59 (1970).

-	~~----~~	+	== Notes ==
-	~~'''~~Notes~~'''~~	+

	<references/>		<references/>

-	~~----~~	+	== References and Resources ==
-	~~'''~~References and Resources~~'''~~	+
	* Callahan, Paul E. "T'ai-hsü and the New Buddhist Movement." Harvard University: Paper on China 6 (1952): 149-188.		* Callahan, Paul E. "T'ai-hsü and the New Buddhist Movement." Harvard University: Paper on China 6 (1952): 149-188.
	* Chou Hsiang-kuang. ''T'ai-hsü: His Life and Teachings''. Allahabad: Indo-Chinese Literature Publications 1957.		* Chou Hsiang-kuang. ''T'ai-hsü: His Life and Teachings''. Allahabad: Indo-Chinese Literature Publications 1957.

Greg: moved 太虛 to Taixu 太虛: New Format

Greg — Fri, 26 Mar 2010 14:03:22 GMT

moved 太虛 to Taixu 太虛: New Format

← Older revision

Revision as of 14:03, 26 March 2010

Greg at 18:04, 20 March 2010

Greg — Sat, 20 Mar 2010 18:04:34 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:04, 20 March 2010
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	In April of [[1912]], Tàixū traveled to Shànghǎi [[上海]] at Jìchán's request to help him establish the Chinese General Buddhist Association [[中華佛教總會]]. Much of the impetus for this move came from the emergence of the Chinese Buddhist Association [[中國佛教會]], founded in Nánjīng [[南京]] by a group that included Oūyáng Jiàn [[歐陽漸]], a former student of Yáng Wénhuì. The CBA was led by laypeople, and its charter, which outlined broad powers over Buddhist activities in China, had already received the assent of Sun Yat-sen, then Provisional President of the Republic. Jìchán therefore sought the help of Yuányīng, Dìxián [[諦閑]], Xūyún [[虛雲]] and others to establish a Buddhist organization that better represented the monastic institution. He even had Tàixū suspend promotion of his own Society for the Advancement of Buddhism [[佛教協進會]] and throw his support behind this new group. In November of [[1912]], however, Jìchán died in Běijīng [[北京]], and without his leadership the organization only survived for two more years.<ref>Pittman, 77-79.</ref>		In April of [[1912]], Tàixū traveled to Shànghǎi [[上海]] at Jìchán's request to help him establish the Chinese General Buddhist Association [[中華佛教總會]]. Much of the impetus for this move came from the emergence of the Chinese Buddhist Association [[中國佛教會]], founded in Nánjīng [[南京]] by a group that included Oūyáng Jiàn [[歐陽漸]], a former student of Yáng Wénhuì. The CBA was led by laypeople, and its charter, which outlined broad powers over Buddhist activities in China, had already received the assent of Sun Yat-sen, then Provisional President of the Republic. Jìchán therefore sought the help of Yuányīng, Dìxián [[諦閑]], Xūyún [[虛雲]] and others to establish a Buddhist organization that better represented the monastic institution. He even had Tàixū suspend promotion of his own Society for the Advancement of Buddhism [[佛教協進會]] and throw his support behind this new group. In November of [[1912]], however, Jìchán died in Běijīng [[北京]], and without his leadership the organization only survived for two more years.<ref>Pittman, 77-79.</ref>

-	Faced with the inhumanity of the First World War, as well as his setbacks in enacting change on Jīnshān and elsewhere, in the fall of [[1914]] Tàixū began a three-year period of sealed confinement 閉關 on Mount Putuo [[普陀山]] in Zhèjiāng province. During this time he followed a schedule of venerating the Buddhas, meditation, and textual study. His reading included Buddhist scriptures, the Chinese classics, modern literature and works on Western science, logic, and philosophy. He also began to study the Consciousness-only school, as well as the texts ''Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna'' (Dàshèng qǐxìn lùn 大乘起信論) and the ''Discourse on the Theory of Consciousness-only'' (Chéng wéishì lùn 成唯識論). Tàixū was prolific with his writing as well, producing over ten works on topics such as education, science, and sangha reform. During his seclusion he remained appraised of important political events, such as the acceptance by Yuán Shìkǎi 袁世凱 of Japan's Twenty-one Demands in [[1915]], and the passage of the Regulations for the Control of Monasteries and Temples 管理寺廟條例 by the Beijing parliament later that year.<ref>Pittman, 81-85.</ref>	+	Faced with the inhumanity of the First World War, as well as his setbacks in enacting change on Jīnshān and elsewhere, in the fall of [[1914]] Tàixū began a three-year period of sealed confinement 閉關 in the Xílín Chan Hall 錫麟禪院 on Mount Putuo [[普陀山]] in Zhèjiāng province.<ref>For more on Tàixū's period of confinement, see 法空, "太虛大師在錫麟禪院「閉關」潛修" in 香港佛教, Vols. 469 [http://www.hkbuddhist.org/magazine/469/469_05.html] and 470 [http://www.hkbuddhist.org/magazine/470/470_09.html].</ref> During this time he followed a schedule of venerating the Buddhas, meditation, and textual study. His reading included Buddhist scriptures, the Chinese classics, modern literature and works on Western science, logic, and philosophy. He also began to study the Consciousness-only school, as well as the texts ''Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna'' (Dàshèng qǐxìn lùn 大乘起信論) and the ''Discourse on the Theory of Consciousness-only'' (Chéng wéishì lùn 成唯識論). Tàixū was prolific with his writing as well, producing over ten works on topics such as education, science, and sangha reform. During his seclusion he remained appraised of important political events, such as the acceptance by Yuán Shìkǎi 袁世凱 of Japan's Twenty-one Demands in [[1915]], and the passage of the Regulations for the Control of Monasteries and Temples 管理寺廟條例 by the Beijing parliament later that year.<ref>Pittman, 81-85.</ref>

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